The Oracle Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) is
an industry leading database system designed for mission critical data storage
and retrieval. The RDBMS is responsible for accurately storing data and
efficiently retrieving that data in response to user queries.
The Oracle Corporation also supplies interface tools to
access data stored in an Oracle database. Two of these tools are known as
SQL*Plus, a command line interface, and Developer/2000 (now called simply Developer),
a collection of forms, reports and graphics interfaces. This technical working
paper introduces the features of the SQL*Plus tool and provides a tutorial that
demonstrates its salient features.
This tutorial is intended for students and database
practitioners who require an introduction to SQL, an introduction to working
with the Oracle SQL*Plus tool, or both.
This document is organized as follows. A brief overview of
the suite of Oracle products is first presented in Section 2. In Section 3, we discuss the basics of working with the
SQL*Plus tool. Structured Query Language (SQL), including data definition
language (DDL) and data manipulation language (DML) is discussed in section 4. Advanced SQL*Plus commands are discussed in
section 5 and a brief introduction to stored procedures
and triggers is given in section 6.
The Oracle products suite includes the following tools and
utilities:
- SQL*Plus - A command line tool used to manipulate tables and other database objects in an Oracle database.
- Developer/2000 and Developer A suite of application development tools including Forms, Reports and Graphics.
- Oracle*Forms - A screen based tool used to develop data entry forms and menus that access tables in an Oracle database.
- Oracle*Reports - A screen based tool used to develop reports that access tables in an Oracle database.
- Oracle*Graphics - A graphical tool used to develop charts and reports that access tables in an Oracle database.
- CASE*Designer and Oracle Designer/2000 - A graphical tool used to create and display models contained in the CASE*Dictionary.
- CASE*Dictionary - A repository for business rules, functional models and data models used for organizing and documenting an application development effort.
- CASE*Generator - A code generating tool that uses information stored in CASE*Dictionary to develop data entry forms, reports and graphics.
- Oracle*Book - A graphical tool used to develop on-line documentation with hypertext capabilities.
- SQL*TextRetrieval and Oracle Context - A suite of tools and API used to develop sophisticated text search and retrieval applications.
- Programmer/2000 - Including the Pro* precompilers - Libraries of routines and utilities that can be linked with ``C'', C++, FORTRAN, Java, ADA, COBOL or other host languages to allow access to Oracle databases.
- Enterprise Manager - A GUI based collection of utilities for managing Oracle Databases.
- SQL*DBA and SVRMGR - A utility that allows the database administrator (DBA) to monitor database activity and to tune the database for optimal performance.
- Export/Import - Command line utilities that allow a user or the DBA to export data from an Oracle database into a machine readable file or to import data from a machine readable file into an Oracle database.
- SQL*Loader - A command line utility to load ASCII or binary data files into an Oracle database.
- Oracle*Terminal - A utility program used to customize the user interface and keyboard mappings for all Oracle tools. This utility allows all Oracle tools to have a similar ``look and feel'' across many different hardware and operating system platforms.
- SQL*Net and Net8 - A communications driver that allows an Oracle tool running on a client machine to access Oracle data on a separate server machine.
- SQL*Connect and Oracle Gateways - A communications driver that allows an Oracle tool running on a client machine to access Non-Oracle data on a server machine such as data residing in a DB2 database or MS SQL Server database.
- ORACLE Server - Typically a part of the Oracle RDBMS running on a database server, this component receives requests from client machines and submits them to the Oracle RDBMS. The results are then passed back to the client machines.
- Oracle ODBC Drivers - Open DataBase Connectivity drivers for connecting software to Oracle databases using the ODBC standard.
- ORACLE RDBMS - The Oracle Relational Database Engine. Now called the Oracle Universal Server with several options in addition to managing relational data. These options are now called Cartridges:
- Oracle Web Applications Server - A WWW Server (HTTP server) linked into the Oracle RDBMS. Allows web based applications using HTML forms and JAVA to access and manipulate data.
- Spatial Data Cartridge- Allows storage of temporal and spatial data in the Oracle RDBMS. Useful for Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
- Video Cartridge - Provides storage and real-time serving of streaming video.
- ConText Cartridge - Provides storage and retrieval of text documents.
- Messaging Option - A groupware architecture built on top of the RDBMS.
- OLAP Option - Tools and database support for On-Line Analytical Processing.
- Objects Option - Allows complex objects to be modeled and stored in the DBMS. Includes Object Oriented features such as encapsulation, inheritance, server and client side methods, etc.
- Integrated Data Dictionary - Stores and manages access to all of the tables owned by all users in a system.
- SQL - The language used to access and manipulate database data.
- PL/SQL - A procedural extension to the SQL language unique to the Oracle line of products.
2.5 Typical Development Environments
Developing applications using an Oracle database requires
access to a copy of the Oracle RDBMS (or a central Oracle RDBMS server), and
one or more of the development tools. Third party development tools such as
PowerBuilder, Visual Basic or Java can also be used for applications
development.
Stand-alone development in a single user environment can be
accomplished using the Personal Oracle or Personal Oracle Lite RDBMS in
conjunction with Oralce Developer or a third party development tool.
Muli-user development in a shared environment can be accomplished
using an Oracle RDBMS server running on a server machine. Distributed client
PCs can develop the applications using any of the tools mentioned above.
Regardless of the development environment, used, the Oracle
SQL*Plus utility is a convenient and capable tool for manipulating data in an
Oracle database. In the following section, the SQL*Plus tool is introduced.
Oracle's SQL*Plus is a command line tool that allows a user
to type SQL statements to be executed directly against an Oracle database.
SQL*Plus has the ability to format database output, save often used commands
and can be invoked from other Oracle tools or from the operating system prompt.
In the following sections, the basic functionality of
SQL*Plus will be demonstrated along with sample input and output to demonstrate
some of the many features of this product.
In this section, we give some general directions on how to
get into the SQL*Plus program and connect to an Oracle database. Specific instructions
for your installation may vary depending on the version of SQL*Plus being used,
whether or not SQL*Net or Net8 is in use, etc.
Before using the SQL*Plus tool or any other development tool
or utility, the user must obtain an Oracle account for the DBMS. This account
will include a username, a password and, optionally, a host string indicating
the database to connect to. This information can typically be obtained from the
database administrator.
The following directions apply to two commonly found
installations: Windows 95/98 or NT client with an Oracle server, and a UNIX
installation.
3.1.1 Running SQL*Plus under Windows
95/98 and Windows NT
To run the SQL*Plus command line program from Windows
95/98 or Windows NT, click on the button, Programs, Oracle for Windows 95 and then
SQL*Plus. The SQL*Plus login screen will appear after roughly 15 seconds.More will be in SQL Course
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